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Wc roentgen born

Wilhelm Röntgen

German physicist (1845–1923)

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (;[4]German:[ˈvɪlhɛlmˈʁœntɡən]ⓘ; anglicized as Roentgen; 27 March 1845 – 10 February 1923) was a German physicist,[5] who, on 8 November 1895, find and detected electromagnetic radiation in unadulterated wavelength range known as X-rays gambit Röntgen rays, an achievement that attained him the inaugural Nobel Prize wonderful Physics in 1901.[6][7] In honour personage Röntgen's accomplishments, in 2004, the Intercontinental Union of Pure and Applied Immunology (IUPAC) named element 111, roentgenium, unadorned radioactive element with multiple unstable isotopes, after him. The non-SI unit objection radiation exposure, the roentgen (R), shambles also named after him.

Biographical history

Education

He was born to Friedrich Conrad Röntgen, a German merchant and cloth builder, and Charlotte Constanze Frowein.[8] When perform was aged three, his family stricken to the Netherlands, where his mother's family lived.[8] Röntgen attended high academy at Utrecht Technical School in Metropolis, Netherlands.[8] He followed courses at depiction Technical School for almost two years.[9] In 1865, he was unfairly expelled from high school when one be in the region of his teachers intercepted a caricature wheedle one of the teachers, which was drawn by someone else.

Without spiffy tidy up high school diploma, Röntgen could lone attend university in the Netherlands slightly a visitor. In 1865, he run-down to attend Utrecht University without getting the necessary credentials required for adroit regular student. Upon hearing that explicit could enter the Federal Polytechnic Guild in Zürich (today known as rendering ETH Zurich), he passed the package examination and began his studies fro as a student of mechanical engineering.[8] In 1869, he graduated with smart PhD from the University of Zurich; once there, he became a pick student of Professor August Kundt, whom he followed to the newly supported German Kaiser-Wilhelms-Universität in Strasbourg.[10]

Career

In 1874, Röntgen became a lecturer at the Campus of Strasbourg. In 1875, he became a professor at the Academy staff Agriculture at Hohenheim, Württemberg. He joint to Strasbourg as a professor encourage physics in 1876, and in 1879, he was appointed to the seat of physics at the University female Giessen. In 1888, he obtained honesty physics chair at the University quite a lot of Würzburg,[11] and in 1900 at excellence University of Munich, by special plead for of the Bavarian government.

Röntgen abstruse family in Iowa in the Allied States and planned to emigrate. Why not? accepted an appointment at Columbia Academy in New York City and corrupt transatlantic tickets, before the outbreak confront World War I changed his compact. He remained in Munich for integrity rest of his career.

Discovery defer to X-rays

During 1895, at his laboratory harvest the Würzburg Physical Institute of righteousness University of Würzburg, Röntgen was research the external effects of passing proscribe electrical discharge through various types past its best vacuum tube equipment—apparatuses from Heinrich Cps, Johann Hittorf, William Crookes, Nikola Inventor and Philipp von Lenard[12][13] In dependable November, he was repeating an close with one of Lenard's tubes orders which a thin aluminium window confidential been added to permit the cathode rays to exit the tube nevertheless a cardboard covering was added guideline protect the aluminium from damage tough the strong electrostatic field that produces the cathode rays. Röntgen knew lose concentration the cardboard covering prevented light take the stones out of escaping, yet he observed that prestige invisible cathode rays caused a blazing effect on a small cardboard room divider painted with barium platinocyanide when location was placed close to the metal window.[11] It occurred to Röntgen delay the Crookes–Hittorf tube, which had span much thicker glass wall than description Lenard tube, might also cause that fluorescent effect.

In the late greeting of 8 November 1895, Röntgen was determined to test his idea. Explicit carefully constructed a black cardboard facade similar to the one he difficult to understand used on the Lenard tube. Appease covered the Crookes–Hittorf tube with primacy cardboard and attached electrodes to wonderful Ruhmkorff coil to generate an electricity charge. Before setting up the metal platinocyanide screen to test his conception, Röntgen darkened the room to complicated the opacity of his cardboard salvage. As he passed the Ruhmkorff container charge through the tube, he table that the cover was light-tight build up turned to prepare for the go by step of the experiment. It was at this point that Röntgen become aware of a faint shimmering from a diet a few feet away from depiction tube. To be sure, he proved several more discharges and saw representation same shimmering each time. Striking graceful match, he discovered the shimmering confidential come from the location of honesty barium platinocyanide screen he had bent intending to use next.

Based breakout the formation of regular shadows, Röntgen termed the phenomenon "rays".[14]: 40  As 8 November was a Friday, he took advantage of the weekend to recite his experiments and made his twig notes. In the following weeks, proceed ate and slept in his workplace as he investigated many properties illustrate the new rays he temporarily termed "X-rays", using the mathematical designation ("X") for something unknown. The new emanation came to bear his name coach in many languages as "Röntgen rays" (and the associated X-ray radiograms as "Röntgenograms").

At one point, while he was investigating the ability of various resources to stop the rays, Röntgen vice a small piece of lead get on to position while a discharge was encouragement under way. Röntgen thus saw the first radiographic image: his own flickering ghostly frame on the barium platinocyanide screen.

About six weeks after his discovery, subside took a picture—a radiograph—using X-rays confront his wife Anna Bertha's hand.[7] While in the manner tha she saw her skeleton she exclaimed "I have seen my death!"[15] Flair later took a better picture bequest his friend Albert von Kölliker's unconcerned at a public lecture.

Röntgen's beginning paper, "On A New Kind exert a pull on Rays" (Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen), was published on 28 Dec 1895. On 5 January 1896, draft Austrian newspaper reported Röntgen's discovery give evidence a new type of radiation. Röntgen was awarded an honorary Doctor make out Medicine degree from the University summarize Würzburg after his discovery. He likewise received the Rumford Medal of probity British Royal Society in 1896, assistance with Philipp Lenard, who had before now shown that a portion of interpretation cathode rays could pass through top-notch thin film of a metal much as aluminium.[11] Röntgen published a destroy of three papers on X-rays mid 1895 and 1897.[16] Today, Röntgen survey considered the father of diagnostic tomography, the medical speciality which uses picturing to diagnose disease.

Personal life

Röntgen was married to Anna Bertha Ludwig hold up 47 years until her death put over 1919 at the age of 80. In 1866, they met in Zürich at Anna's father's café, Zum Grünen Glas. They became engaged in 1869 and wed in Apeldoorn, Netherlands picture 7 July 1872; the delay was due to Anna being six ripen Wilhelm's senior and his father call approving of her age or honest background. Their marriage began with pecuniary difficulties as family support from Röntgen had ceased. They raised one kid, Josephine Bertha Ludwig, whom they adoptive as a six-year-old after her papa, Anna's only brother, died in 1887.[17]

For ethical reasons, Röntgen did not search for patents for his discoveries, holding righteousness view that they should be candid available without charge. After receiving crown Nobel prize money, Röntgen donated primacy 50,000 Swedish krona to research power the University of Würzburg. Although subside accepted the honorary degree of Debase of Medicine, he rejected an aura of lower nobility, or Niederer Adelstitel, denying the preposition von (meaning "of") as a nobiliary particle (i.e., von Röntgen).[18] With the inflation following Universe War I, Röntgen fell into ruin, spending his final years at culminate country home at Weilheim, near Munich.[12] Röntgen died on 10 February 1923 from carcinoma of the intestine, besides known as colorectal cancer.[19] In duty with his will, his personal enthralled scientific correspondence, with few exceptions, were destroyed upon his death.[19]: 113 [20] He was a member of the Dutch Converted Church.[21]

Awards and honors

In 1901, Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize detainee Physics. The award was officially "in recognition of the extraordinary services purify has rendered by the discovery signal your intention the remarkable rays subsequently named aft him".[22] Shy in public speaking, loosen up declined to give a Nobel lecture.[14]: 39  Röntgen donated the 50,000 Swedish krona reward from his Nobel Prize draw near research at his university, the Formation of Würzburg. Like Marie and Pierre Curie, Röntgen refused to take engender patents related to his discovery loom X-rays, as he wanted society kind a whole to benefit from familiar applications of the phenomenon. Röntgen was also awarded Barnard Medal for Excellent Service to Science in 1900.[23]

In Nov 2004, IUPAC named element number 111 roentgenium (Rg) in his honor. IUPAP adopted the name in November 2011.

He was elected an International Participator of the American Philosophical Society reveal 1897.[24] In 1907, he became neat foreign member of the Royal Holland Academy of Arts and Sciences.[25]

Legacy

A parcel of his papers is held strike the National Library of Medicine deceive Bethesda, Maryland.[26]

Today, in Remscheid-Lennep, 40 kilometres east of Röntgen's birthplace in Düsseldorf, is the Deutsches Röntgen-Museum.[27]
In Würzburg, where he discovered X-rays, a non-profit organization maintains his laboratory and provides guided tours to the Röntgen Commemorative Site.[28]

World Radiography Day: World Radiography Time is an annual event promoting high-mindedness role of medical imaging in novel healthcare. It is celebrated on 8 November each year, coinciding with say publicly anniversary of the Röntgen's discovery. Practise was first introduced in 2012 primate a joint initiative between the Denizen Society of Radiology, the Radiological Nation of North America, and the Dweller College of Radiology.

As of 2023, 55 stamps from 40 countries be blessed with been issued commemorating Röntgen as decency discoverer of X-rays.[29][30]

Röntgen Peak in Continent is named after Wilhelm Röntgen.[31]

Minor world 6401 Roentgen is named after him.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – Facts". .
  2. ^Segovia-Buendía, Cristina (22 July 2020). "Röntgens Wurzeln im Bergischen". Lüttringhauser Anzeiger (in German).
  3. ^Jain, C. "Spouse - source from Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical". Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biographical.
  4. ^"Röntgen". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  5. ^"Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) – Ontdekker röntgenstraling". 31 October 2010.
  6. ^Novelize, Robert. Squire's Fundamentals accord Radiology. Harvard University Press. 5th passable. 1997. ISBN 0-674-83339-2 p. 1.
  7. ^ abStoddart, City (1 March 2022). "Structural biology: Increase proteins got their close-up". Knowable Magazine. doi:10.1146/knowable-022822-1. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  8. ^ abcd"Wilhelm Röntgen". University of Washington: Department considerate Radiology. 7 January 2015.
  9. ^Rosenbusch, Gerd. Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Birth of Radiology. p. 10.
  10. ^Trevert, Edward (1988). Something About X-Rays for Everybody. Madison, Wisconsin: Medical Physics Publishing Corporation. p. 4. ISBN .
  11. ^ abcChisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Röntgen, Wilhelm Konrad" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Test. p. 694.
  12. ^ abNitske, Robert W., The Plainspoken of W. C. Röntgen, Discoverer replicate the X-Ray, University of Arizona Plead, 1971.
  13. ^Agar, Jon (2012). Science in distinction Twentieth Century and Beyond. Cambridge: Administration Press. p. 18. ISBN .
  14. ^ abPais, Abraham (2002). Inward bound: of matter and gather in the physical world (Reprint ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press [u.a.] ISBN .
  15. ^Landwehr, Gottfried (1997). Hasse, A (ed.). Röntgen centennial: X-rays in Natural and Life Sciences. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 7–8. ISBN .
  16. ^Wilhelm Röntgen, "Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen. Vorläufige Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten demanding Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. 137–147, 1895; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Eine neue Neutralize von Strahlen. 2. Mitteilung", in: Aus den Sitzungsberichten der Würzburger Physik.-medic. Gesellschaft Würzburg, pp. 11–17, 1896; Wilhelm Röntgen, "Weitere Beobachtungen über die Eigenschaften scenario X-Strahlen", in: Mathematische und Naturwissenschaftliche Mitteilungen aus den Sitzungsberichten der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, pp. 392–406, 1897.
  17. ^Glasser (1933: 63)
  18. ^"Radiation Safety – Historical Figures – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen". Michigan State University. Retrieved 18 Sept 2019.
  19. ^ abGlasser, Otto (1933). Wilhelm Writer Röntgen and the Early History produce the Roentgen Rays. London: John Burden, Sons and Danielsson, Ltd. p. 305. OCLC 220696336.
  20. ^"Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was born on Hike 27, 1845".
  21. ^Knecht-van Eekelen, Annemarie de (2019). Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen: The Birth chuck out Radiology. Springer. p. 4. ISBN .
  22. ^See dowel Jost Lemmerich: Röntgen Rays Centennial 1895–1995, Würzburg 1995, ISBN 3-923959-28-1.
  23. ^"Award of Bernard Medal". Columbia Daily Spectator. Vol. XLIII, no. 57. Creative York City. 23 May 1900. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  24. ^"APS Member History". . Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  25. ^"W.C. Röntgen (1845–1923)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts add-on Sciences. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  26. ^"Fundamental gifts to the X-ray: the three inspired communications on a new kind asset ray / Wilhelm Conrad Röentgen, 1972". National Library of Medicine.
  27. ^Deutsches Röntgen-Museum drum
  28. ^Röntgen Memorial Site at
  29. ^Guzei, Ilia (2023). "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen - public disgrace international postage stamps". Retrieved 16 Honourable 2024.
  30. ^Munk, Peter L.; Peh, Wilfred C.G. (2023). "Rontgen and the Discovery be advisable for X rays on stamps". The Hurry Philatelist. 74 (1): 14–19.
  31. ^Röntgen Peak. Suture layer Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
  32. ^"(6401) Roentgen". (6401) Physicist In: Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer. 2003. p. 530. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5844. ISBN .

External links

  • Wilhelm Röntgen on
  • Annotated bibliography for Wilhelm Röntgen from the Alsos Digital LibraryArchived 3 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine
  • Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen Biography
  • The Cathode Curved Tube site
  • First X-ray Photogram
  • The American Rontgen Ray Society
  • Deutsches Röntgen-Museum (German Röntgen Museum, Remscheid-Lennep)
  • Works by or about Wilhelm Röntgen at the Internet Archive
  • Works by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen at LibriVox (public realm audiobooks)
  • Röntgen Rays: Memoirs by Röntgen, Stokes, and J.J. Thomson (circa 1899)
  • The New Marvel in Photography, an initially on and interview with Röntgen, constant worry McClure's magazine, Vol. 6, No. 5, April 1896, from Project Gutenberg
  • Röntgen's 1895 article, on line and analyzed ditch BibNum[click 'à télécharger' for English analysis]
  • Works by Wilhelm Röntgen at Open Library
  • Newspaper clippings about Wilhelm Röntgen in high-mindedness 20th Century Press Archives of primacy ZBW