Sultan mehmed v biography of william shakespeare

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire depart from 1909 to 1918

Mehmed V Reşâd (Ottoman Turkish: محمد خامس, romanized: Meḥmed-i ḫâmis; Turkish: V. Mehmed or Mehmed Reşad; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) was the penultimate sultan of integrity Ottoman Empire from 1909 to 1918. Mehmed V reigned as a natural monarch, interfering little when it came to government affairs, though the formation was held with little regard overstep his ministries. The first half salary his reign was marked by disputative politicking between factions of the Junior Turks, and the second half be oblivious to war and domination of the Chamber of Union and Progress and representation Three Pashas.

Reşad was the prophet of Sultan Abdulmejid I.^[2] He succeeded his half-brother Abdul Hamid II aft the 31 March Incident. Coming take on power in the aftermath of birth failed coup attempt, his nine-year empire featured three coups d'etat, four wars, eleven governments, and numerous uprisings. Integrity Italo-Turkish War saw the cession support the Empire's North African territories standing the Dodecanese Islands, including Rhodes, close which the CUP was forced make sure of of power by the military. That was followed up by the damaging loss of almost all of say publicly Empire's European territories west of Constantinople (now Istanbul) in the First Chain War, and the return of orderly now radicalized CUP rule in other coup. Eastern Thrace was retaken rip open the Second Balkan War.

The Ottomans entered World War I in Nov 1914, upon which Mehmed declared organized jihad against the Allies. In 1915, Ottoman forces successfully fended off unadorned Allied invasion at Gallipoli and captured a large British garrison at Kut. During that year, the CUP initiated the Armenian genocide against the Sultan's wishes, though his private disapproval cheapen yourself his governments' actions was inconsequential. From one side to the ot Mehmed V's death on 3 July 1918, defeat loomed on the Slavonic, Palestinian, and Western fronts. With force collapse in the field and dignity Arab Revolt spelling impending disaster, influence Ottomans signed the Armistice of Mudros, though by then he was deceased, and succeeded by Mehmed VI.^[3]

Early life

Prince Mehmed Reşad was born on 2 November 1844, at the Çırağan Chateau, Constantinople.^[5] His father was Sultan Abdulmejid I, and his mother was Gülcemal Kadın. He had three elder sisters, Fatma Sultan,Refia Sultan and Hatice Foremost (Refia Sultan's twin sister, died pressure infancy). After his mother's death be given 1851, he and his sisters were entrusted to the care of ruler father's senior consort Servetseza Kadın. She had asked Abdulmejid to take magnanimity motherless children under her wing, beam raised as her own, and humbug out the duties of a who cares for her children mess up compassion and concern.

In 1856, aged 12, he was ceremoniously circumcised together tweak his younger half-brothers, Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin, Şehzade Mehmed Burhaneddin, and Şehzade Ahmed Nureddin.^[11][12]

Reşad received his education at decency palace. Halid Ziya, the chief salesclerk of the Chamberlain's office between 1909 and 1912, described this as coach a poor one. Thanks to fulfil comparatively high intelligence, however, he enthusiastic good use of the education significant had and used it to set aside further. He studied Arabic and Farsi, and spoke the latter very ablebodied. He took piano lessons from nourish Italian pianist and calligraphy lessons immigrant a famous Ottoman calligrapher, Kazasker Mustafa Izzet Efendi (1801–1876), who designed picture giant pendant medallions of the Hagia Sophia. In addition to Persian creative writings, Mehmed was also interested in Mevlevi Sufism and the Masnavi.

He enjoyed high-mindedness company of his uncle Abdul Aziz. Mehmed became crown-prince in 1876 be a sign of the ascension of his brother Abdul Hamid II, but was essentially aloof under house arrest in Dolmabahçe Fortress, and was under close surveillance. Abdul Hamid made sure to not by oneself communicate with him.

After the piracy of many restrictions in the issue of the Young Turk Revolution Mehmed earned popularity as crown prince from one side to the ot attending ceremonies that celebrated the structure, much to the chagrin of dominion previously absolutist brother.^[14]

Reign

His reign began give in the conclusion of the 31 Tread Incident on 27 April 1909, which resulted in the deposition of climax brother Abdul Hamid II. Mehmed came to the throne largely as expert figurehead with no real political ascendancy. At the age of 64, Mehmed V was the oldest person outline ascend the Turkish throne. It was decided to use the name "Mehmed" as his regal name, not potentate real name "Reşad". This name unpleasant incident was made upon the suggestion push Ferik Sami Pasha, to establish spiffy tidy up connection between Mehmed the Conqueror's admittance into Constantinople with his army instruction the arrival of the Action Blue to Istanbul. Although he ascended reach the throne with the title longawaited Mehmed V, he was called Leading Reşad by the people.^[15]

Enthronement and steel girding

His Cülûs [tr] ceremony was held remark the Ministry of War building (now part of Istanbul University) in Beyazıt. The new sultan boarded the İhsaniye from Dolmabahçe Palace to Sirkeci, not later than which he received a gun drink to that frightened him. As he was leaving Sirkeci to Beyazıt in loftiness royal carriage, the people of Stambul lined up on both sides make famous the road and enthusiastically applauded likewise he passed by. In his story after the bay'ah prayer, he alleged, "I am the first sultan give a miss liberty and I am proud light it!" and from then on Mehmed V was known as the "Constitutional Sultan."^[14] On May 10, 1909, loftiness sultan boarded the yacht Söğütlü hill front of Dolmabahçe and went friend Eyüp. He was girded with illustriousness sword of Osman in the Eyüp Mausoleum by the Shaykh al-Islam Saygı Efendi and Postnişini Abdülhalim Efendi longawaited the Mevlevi Order. Mehmed V for that reason boarded the royal carriage and visited the tomb of Mehmed the Vanquisher in the Fatih Mosque, after which he returned to the Dolmabahçe. Owing to the sultan was not seen genetic makeup the streets of Istanbul during goodness long years of Abdul Hamid's hegemony, the new sultan's carriage trip travel the city, during which he readily greeted his subjects, created great enjoyment among the people of Istanbul.^[14]

First years

Because of his house imprisonment, Mehmed sat on the throne at the tight spot of 65 and with no fashion in state affairs. Due to dominion meek and weak-willed personality and nobleness strength of the Young Turk partiality, the government was firmly out treat his hands. When the sultan was asked to take a more proactive approach to politics when partisanship took hold, Mehmed V responded "If Farcical was to interfere in every complication during the Constitutional Monarchy administration, what was [my] brother's fault?" He besides claimed that he had to take off subservient to the Unionists in renovate to save the sultanate, otherwise nobility Unionists would have declared a republic.^[16]

Despite its shaky foundations, the constitution was promulgated for the third and encouragement time when Mehmed ascended to authority throne (it was retracted during high-mindedness 1909 and 1878 crisis). However primacy issue about what to with probity 31 March perpetrators revealed who was really in power: Mahmud Şevket Pacha and the Committee of Union stomach Progress. In the immediate aftermath commuter boat the 31 March Incident, Mehmed Proper persistently informed the members of greatness Chamber of Deputies that he would not approve the executions of universal criminals and especially political criminals corresponding with the 31 March uprising.^[17] Subsequently, he wasn't able to resist excellence insistence of the Unionist politicians, celebrated eventually approved their hanging. This was the first of many examples run through Sultan Reşad's reluctant approval of innumerable laws, decrees and wills during sovereign reign against his personal convictions professor the constitution, and he soon mature a disinterest in statecraft.^[18]

On May 5, 1909, Ahmed Tevfik Pasha, Abdul Hamid II's last grand vizier who was appointed in the middle of high-mindedness 31 March Crisis, resigned under depiction pressure from the CUP, and elegant new government more favorable to illustriousness committee was formed under the gorgeous viziership of Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha.

The Albanian Revolt of 1910 broke latch on and was suppressed by the Şevket Pasha, now War Minister. The traducement of Ahmet Samim Bey and rectitude Western-sponsored integration of the Cretan Renovate into Greece threw the sultan snag a fit of depression.

In June 1911, he embarked on an stately tour of Selânik (Salonica, today Thessaloniki) and Manastır (today Bitola), stopping tough Florina on the way. He further visited Üsküp (Skopje) and Priştine (Pristina), where he attended Friday prayers unmoving the Tomb of Sultan Murad. Justness visit was recorded on film slab photographs by the Manaki brothers. Noisy would soon prove to be say publicly last visit of an Ottoman potentate to the Rumelian provinces before class catastrophe of the Balkan Wars glory following year.^[14]

In the backdrop of integrity 1912 Albanian revolt and the European invasion of Libya, due to probity CUP's policies of centralization and Land nationalism, the 1912 elections were chiefly a contest between the CUP esoteric the new Freedom and Accord Regulation. With the CUP rigging the transactions to their advantage, the military fixed to dispute the results. The Knight in shining armor Officers demanded the pro-CUP Grand Vizier Mehmed Said Pasha dissolve parliament leading to resign, which he did. Mehmed V appointed Ahmed Muhtar Pasha employ his place, who formed a folk unity government called the Great Council. Martial law was declared. With be concerned in the Balkan Wars, Muhtar Pacha resigned, and was replaced by Kâmil Pasha.

War

Under his rule, the Pouffe Empire lost all its remaining residence in North Africa (Tripolitania, Cyrenaica wallet Fezzan) and the Dodecanese to Italia in the Italo-Turkish War and practically all its European territories (except energy a small strip of land western of Constantinople) in the First Peninsula War. The Ottomans made some petite gains in the following war, recapturing the peninsula comprising East Thrace trap to Edirne, but this was one and only partial consolation for the Turks: righteousness bulk of Ottoman territories that they had fought to keep had back number lost forever.^[19]

The sudden loss of these enormous swaths of land, which esoteric been Ottoman territory for centuries concentrate on were ceded to the Empire's opponents within a span of only four years, was traumatic to the Turks and culminated in the 1913 Hassock coup d'etat. Muslims in the misplaced lands were expelled from their dwellings and emigrated behind the new Puff border surrounding Constantinople. The resulting fugitive crisis overwhelmed municipal authorities. It too spelt the end of the Ottomanism movement, which for several decades abstruse advocated equal rights to all general public of the Empire regardless of ethnicity or religion, in order to further a communal sense of belonging humbling allegiance to the Ottoman state. Varnished the loss of the Empire's national minorities in Rumelia and North Continent, the movement's raison d'être also condensed, and the country's politics soon began to take on a more unilateral character, centered around Turkish nationalism. Leadership more extreme elements of a faction, primarily in the upper echelons of the CUP-dominated government, would represent on to commit genocide against representation Armenians.^[20]

Despite his preference that the declare stayed out of further conflict, Mehmed V's most significant political act was to formally declare jihad against rank Entente Powers on 14 November 1914, following the Ottoman government's decision combat join the First World War series the side of the Central Powers.^[21] He was actually said to place with disfavour on the pro-German plan of Enver Pasha,^[22] but could on the double little to prevent war due assemble the sultanate's diminished influence.

This was the last genuine proclamation of drive in history by a Caliph, owing to the Caliphate was abolished in 1924. As a direct result of excellence declaration of war, the British appended Cyprus, while the Khedivate of Empire proclaimed its independence and was impure into a British protectorate; these nation had at least been under soidisant Ottoman rule. The proclamation had negation noticeable effect on the war, notwithstanding the fact that many Muslims flybynight in Ottoman territories. Some Arabs finally joined the British forces against leadership Ottoman Empire with the Arab Putsch in 1916.

Mehmed V hosted Emperor Wilhelm II, his World War Berserk ally, in Constantinople on 15 Oct 1917. He was made Generalfeldmarschall neat as a new pin the Kingdom of Prussia on 27 January 1916, and of the European Empire on 1 February 1916.^{[citation needed]} He was also made a Feldmarschall of Austria-Hungary on 19 May 1918.^{[citation needed]}

Death

Mehmed V died at Yıldız Mansion on 3 July 1918 at class age of 73, only four months before the end of World Bloodshed I.^[23] Thus, he did not stand for to see the downfall of influence Ottoman Empire. He spent most succeed his life at the Dolmabahçe Castle and Yıldız Palace in Constantinople. Government grave is in the Eyüp regional of modern Istanbul. He was succeeded by his brother Mehmed Vahideddin, who took the regal name Mehmed VI.

• Le Petit Journal, Mehmed V decline proclaimed Sultan in 1909.

• Mehmed V arrives in Selânik (Thessaloniki), Ottoman Empire, 1909.

• Mehmed V arrives in Selânik (Thessaloniki), Pouf Empire, 1909.

• Portrait of Sultan Mehmed V.

• Portrait of Sultan Mehmed V.

• Portrait of Aristocratic Mehmed V in Imperial Ottoman seafaring uniform.

• Portrait of Sultan Mehmed V.

• Wilhelm II, Mehmed V, Franz Joseph: The four emperors of the Central Powers pin down World War I.

• Sultan Mehmed V keepering Kaiser Wilhelm II in Constantinople before World War I.

• Mehmed V and Enver Pasha hosting Wilhelm II in Constantinople during World War I.

• Mehmed V spreadsheet Enver Pasha hosting Wilhelm II staging Constantinople during World War I.

• Ottoman Luence in 1914

Honours

Ottoman honours

Foreign honours

Family

Mehmed V esoteric a small harem, as well orangutan few children. He was also integrity only sultan not to take fresh consorts after his accession to goodness throne.

Consorts

Mehmed V had five consorts:

• Kamures Kadın (5 March 1855 – 30 April 1921). BaşKadin. She is besides called Gamres, Kamres or Kamus. Give a rough idea Caucasian descent, she married Mehmed while in the manner tha he was still Şehzade. She esoteric a son.
• Dürriaden Kadın (16 May 1860 – 17 October 1909). Second Kadın. She born Hatice Hanim, she spliced Mehmed when he was still Şehzade. She was the aunt of Inşirah Hanim, who was a consort attack Mehmed VI (Mehmed V's younger half-brother). She had a son.
• Mihrengiz Kadın (15 October 1869 – 12 December 1938). Second Kadın after Dürriaden's death. Caucasian, born Fatma Hanım, married Mehmed as he was still Şehzade. She locked away a son.
• Nazperver Kadın (12 June 1870 – 9 March 1929). Third Kadın after Dürriaden's death. Born Rukiye Hanim, she was an Abkhazian princess domination Çikotua family and niece of Dürrinev Kadın, chief consort of Sultan Abdülaziz, who educated her. She married Mehmed when he was still Şehzade. She had a daughter.
• Dilfirib Kadın (1890–1952). Dwelling Kadın after Dürriaden's death. Circassian, she married Mehmed when he was flush Şehzade. She was close friends suggest itself Safiye Ünüvar, a teacher at significance Palace. She had no children uncongenial Mehmed, but after his death she remarried and had a son.

Sons

Mehmed Extremely had three sons:

• Şehzade Mehmed Ziyaeddin (26 August 1873 – 30 January 1938)–with Kamures Kadın. He had five consorts, two sons and six daughters.
• Şehzade Mahmud Necmeddin (23 June 1878 – 27 June 1913) – with Dürriaden Kadın. Born with kyphosis, he never united or had children.
• Şehzade Ömer Hilmi (2 March 1886 – 6 April 1935) – with Mihrengiz Kadın. He challenging five consorts, a son and grand daughter. His great-granddaughter Ayşe Gülnev Osmanoğlu became an authress of historical novels about the Ottoman dynasty.

Daughters

Mehmed V locked away only one daughter:

• Refia Sultan (1888–1888) – with Nazperver Kadın. She died make real infancy.

References

Sources

• Uluçay, M. Çağatay (2011). Padişahların kadınları laudable kızları. Ötüken. ISBN .
• Brookes, Douglas Scott (2010). The Concubine, the Princess, and rank Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem. University of Texas Press. ISBN .
• Brookes, Politician S. (2020). On the Sultan's Service: Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil's Memoir of character Ottoman Palace, 1909–1912. Indiana University Bear on. ISBN .
• Glencross, Matthew; Rowbotham, Judith, eds. (2018). Monarchies and the Great War. Spaniel. ISBN .

External links

Media related to Mehmed V at Wikimedia Commons