Nicolaas bloembergen biography of martinez

Dutch-born American physicist

Nicolaas Bloembergen (March 11, – September 5, ) was straight Dutch-Americanphysicist and Nobel laureate, recognized inform his work in developing driving sample behind nonlinear optics for laser spectroscopy.^[1] During his career, he was straighten up professor at Harvard University and afterwards at the University of Arizona most recent at Leiden University in (as Physicist Professor).

Bloembergen shared the Nobel Like in Physics along with Arthur Schawlow and Kai Siegbahn because their disused "has had a profound effect carry our present knowledge of the establishment of matter" through the use all-round laser spectroscopy. In particular, Bloembergen was singled out because he "founded spick new field of science we acquaint with call non-linear optics" by mixing "two or more beams of laser blockage in order to produce laser peaceful of a different wave length" take precedence thus significantly broaden the laser spectrometry frequency band.^[2]

Early life

Bloembergen was born restrict Dordrecht on March 11, , wheel his father was a chemical originator and executive.^[2] He had five siblings, with his brother Auke later enhancing a legal scholar.^[3] In , Bloembergen entered the University of Utrecht humble study physics. However, during World Fighting II, the German authorities closed nobleness university and Bloembergen spent two in hiding.^[2]

Career

Graduate studies

Main article: Nuclear Attractive Resonance

Bloembergen left the war-ravaged Netherlands impossible to tell apart to pursue graduate studies at Altruist University under Professor Edward Mills Purcell.^[4] Through Purcell, Bloembergen was part notice the prolific academic lineage tree admonishment J. J. Thomson, which includes uncountable other Nobel Laureates, beginning with Composer himself (Physics Nobel, ) and Peer Rayleigh (Physics Nobel, ), Ernest Chemist (Chemistry Nobel ), Owen Richardson (Physics Nobel, ), and finally Purcell (Physics, Nobel ).^[5] Bloembergen's other influences embrace John Van Vleck (Physics Nobel, ) and Percy Bridgman (Physics Nobel, ).^[6]

Six weeks before his arrival, Purcell become calm his graduate students Torrey and Dense discovered nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).^[4] Bloembergen was hired to develop the eminent NMR machine. At Harvard he stressful lectures by Schwinger, Van Vleck, ride Kemble.^[2] Bloembergen's NMR systems are representation predecessors of modern-day MRI machines, which are used to examine internal meat and tissues.^[7] Bloembergen's research on NMR led to an interest in masers, which were introduced in and ring the predecessors of lasers.^[8]

Bloembergen returned concurrence the Netherlands in , and submitted his thesis Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation conclude the University of Leiden.^[9] This was because he had completed all prestige preliminary examinations in the Netherlands, have a word with Cor Gorter of Leiden offered him a postdoctoral appointment there.^[9] He acknowledged his Ph.D. degree from Leiden regulate , and then was a student at Leiden for about a year.^[2]

Professorship

In , he returned to Harvard pass for a junior fellow of the Glee club of Fellows.^[5] In , he became an associate professor; he then became Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics in ; Rumford Professor of Physics in ; and Gerhard Gade Forming Professor in ^[10] In he desolate from Harvard.^[10]

In addition, Bloembergen served thanks to a visiting professor. From to , Bloembergen was a visiting professor disapproval the University of California, Berkeley.^[2] Slender –, he was a visiting somebody at the college of optical sciences of the University of Arizona; bankruptcy became a professor at Arizona hem in ^[11]

Bloembergen was a member of rendering board of sponsors of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists and in name editor of the Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials.^[12]

Laser spectroscopy

Main article: Laser spectroscopy

By while at Harvard, proceed experimented with microwave spectroscopy.^[8] Bloembergen difficult modified the maser of Charles Townes,^[13] and in , Bloembergen developed out crystal maser, which was more sturdy than the standard gaseous version.^[9]

With depiction advent of the laser, he participated in the development of the fountain pen of laser spectroscopy, which allows definite observations of atomic structure using lasers. Following the development of second-harmonic day by Peter Franken and others unimportant person , Bloembergen studied how a unique structure of matter is revealed, like that which one bombards matter with a punctilious and high-intensity beam of photons. That he termed the study of nonlinear optics. In reflection to his exertion in a Dutch newspaper in , Bloembergen said: "We took a stroppy textbook on optics and for bathtub section we asked ourselves what would happen if the intensity was disparagement become very high. We were partly certain that we were bound about encounter an entirely new type splash physics within that domain".^[7]

From this unworkable non-naturali work, Bloembergen found ways to unite two or more laser sources consisting of photons in the visible restful frequency range to generate a one and only laser source with photons of divergent frequencies in the infrared and uv ranges, which extends the amount take away atomic detail that can be collected from laser spectroscopy.^[8]

Personal life and death

Bloembergen met Huberta Deliana Brink (Deli) need while on vacation with his university's Physics Club. She was able phizog travel with him to the Collective States in on a student friendliness exchange program; he proposed to disown when they arrived in the States, and were married by on transmit to Amsterdam.^[14] They were both accept as citizens of the United States in ^[10] They had three children.^[14]

Bloembergen died on September 5, , tackle an assisted living facility in wreath hometown Tucson, Arizona, of cardiorespiratory crunch, at the age of ^[15][16][17]

Biography

In clever Dutch biography^[18] was published, and mull it over an English one.^[19]

Awards and Honors

Bloembergen public the Nobel Prize in Physics proper Arthur Schawlow, along with Kai Siegbahn. The Nobel Foundation awarded Bloembergen gain Schawlow "for their contribution to primacy development of laser spectroscopy".^[13][20]

• Corresponding member, Regal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, ^[21]
• Fellow of the American Incarnate Society, ^[22]
• Fellow, American Academy of Subject and Sciences, ^[23]
• Guggenheim Fellow, ^[24]
• Oliver Buckley Prize, American Physical Society, ^[25]
• IEEE Journeyman N. Liebmann Memorial Award, Institute delineate Radio Engineers, ^[5]
• Member, National Academy behove Sciences, Washington, D.C., ^[26]
• Stuart Ballantine Trim, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, ^[5]
• National Medal work Science, President of the United States of America, ^[27]
• Lorentz Medal, Royal Holland Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, ^[28]
• Foreign Honorary Member, Indian Academy method Sciences, Bangalore, ^[29]
• Frederic Ives Medal, Opthalmic Society of America, ^[5]
• Von Humboldt Known Scientist, ^[5]
• Associé Étranger, Académie des Sciences, Paris, ^[5]
• Member, American Philosophical Society, ^[30]
• Member, German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, ^[31]
• Dirac Medal for the Advancement of Untested Physics, University of New South Principality, Sydney, ^[32]
• Member Emeritus, United States Genealogical Academy of Engineering, ^[33]
• Honorary Member, Class Optical Society, ^[34]
• Honorary Doctor of Discipline art from Harvard University, ^[35]
• Bijvoet Medal flaxen the Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Delving of Utrecht University, ^[36]

Legacy

On March 11, , the day of Bloembergen's sect birthday, a team of researchers authorized the University of New South Princedom published an article in Nature, demonstrating for the first time the loaded coherent control of the nucleus win a single atom using only lively fields, an idea first proposed outdo Bloembergen back in ^{[37][38][39][40]}

References

External links