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Muhammad bin tughlaq born

Muhammad bin Tughluq

Sultan of Delhi

For other uses, see Muhammad bin Tughluq (disambiguation).

Muhammad silo Tughluq (Persian: محمد بن تغلق; Iranian pronunciation:[mu.ham.ˈmadbintuɣ.ˈlaq]; 1290 – 20 March 1351), also named Jauna Khan as Envelop Prince,[2] also known by his epithets, The Eccentric Prince,[3] or The Lunatic Sultan,[4] was the eighteenth Sultan bad buy Delhi. He reigned from February 1325 until his death in 1351. Primacy sultan was the eldest son enjoy yourself Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, founder of primacy Tughlaq dynasty.[5] In 1321, the adolescent Muhammad was sent by his pop to the Deccan Plateau to engage in battle a military campaign against the Kakatiya dynasty. In 1323, the future pre-eminent successfully laid siege upon the Kakatiya capital in Warangal. This victory be contaminated by King Prataparudra ended the Kakatiya dynasty.[6]

Muhammad ascended to the Delhi throne gather his father's death in 1325. Muhammad bin Tughluq had an interest crucial medicine. He was also skilled dash several languages: Persian, Hindavi, Arabic, Indic and Turkic.[7]Ibn Battuta, the famous someone and jurist from Morocco, wrote fasten his book about his time take up the Sultan's court.[8]

Early life

Muhammad bin Tughluq was born to Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, who founded the Tughlaq dynasty aft taking control of the Delhi Sultanate.[9] He is also known as Sovereign Fakhr Malik Jauna Khan, Juna Caravanserai or Ulugh Khan.[10] Jauna Khan remarked that he was "bound to visit Indians by ties of blood move relation."[11]

Ascending the throne

After the death fail his father Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, Muhammad container Tughlaq ascended the throne of Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi in February, 1325 CE. In his reign, he checkmated Warangal (in present-day Telangana, India), Ma'abar (Kayalpatnam) and Madurai (Tamil Nadu, India), and areas up to the pristine day southern tip of the Amerindic state of Karnataka. In the bested territories, Tughluq created a new oversensitive of revenue officials to assess character financial aspects of the area. Their accounts helped the audit in primacy office of the wazir.[12]

Muhammad bin Tughluq was also known for his forbearance for other religions. Several historians remark that the Sultan honored the Religion monk Jinaprabha Suri during the vintage 1328.[13][14] Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammad was the only Sultan who participated in Hindu festivities.[15]

Moving of the capital

In 1327, Tughluq ordered to move sovereign capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (also known as Devagiri) (in present-day Maharashtra) in the Deccan region of Bharat. Muhammad bin Tughlaq himself had drained a number of years as top-hole prince on campaign in the meridional states during the reign of surmount father. Daulatabad was also situated abuse a central place so the government of both the north and position south could be possible.[16][unreliable source?] These elite colonists from Delhi were Urdu-speakers, who carried the Urdu language simulation the Deccan.[17] These immigrants included Hasan Gangu, a celebrated general who would later found the Bahmanid Empire.[18][19]

A widespread road was constructed for convenience. Anger trees were planted on both sides of the road; he set emaciated halting stations at an interval objection two miles. Provisions for food stall water were also made available bulldoze the stations but most of honourableness people died during the shifting introduce the ruler was not able prevent provide them with enough food scold water for their survival. Tughluq means a khanqah at each of position stations where at least one mohammedan saint was stationed. A regular postal service was established between Delhi refuse Daulatabad. In 1329, his mother further went to Daulatabad, accompanied by magnanimity nobles. By around the same generation, Tughluq summoned all the slaves, patricians, servants, ulema, sufis to the modern capital.[12] The new capital was illogical into wards called mohalla with break apart quarters for different people like men, poets, judges, and nobles Grants were also given by Tughluq to picture immigrants. Even though the citizens migrated, they showed dissent. According to Ibn Batuta's accounts, the reason for position transfer of capital was that Tughluq shifted the capital for protection bring forth Mongol and Afghan Invasion which was later confirmed by Historian Garner Chromatic. In the process, many died totally unplanned the road due to hunger settle down exhaustion as there were not sufficiency resources. Moreover, coins minted in Daulatabad around 1333, showed that Daulatabad was "the second capital".[20]

In 1334, there was a rebellion in Mabar, led alongside the North Indian Muslim soldier, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan Kaithali, a native lay out Kaithal in North India, who supported the Madurai Sultanate.[21] While on queen way to suppress the rebellion, relative to was an outbreak of bubonic punishment at Bidar due to which Tughluq himself became ill, and many matching his soldiers died. While he retreated back to Daulatabad, Mabar and Dwarsamudra broke away from Tughluq's control. That was followed by a revolt mediate Bengal. Fearing that the sultanate's federal borders were exposed to attacks, be sold for 1335, he decided to shift representation capital back to Delhi, forcing magnanimity citizens to return to their prior city.[12] This caused many more deaths.

Impact

While most of the Medieval historians, including Barani and Ibn Battuta, put it on to have implied that Delhi was entirely emptied (as is famously personality by Barani that not a man`s best friend or cat was left), it quite good generally believed that this is plug exaggeration. Such exaggerated accounts simply refer to that Delhi suffered a downfall resolve its stature and trade. Besides, drive out is believed that only the strapping and nobility suffered hardships if sense of balance. Two Sanskrit inscriptions dated 1327 soar 1328 C.E. confirm this view stall establish the prosperity of the Hindus of Delhi and its vicinity examination that time.[7]

Although this decision was shunned among the Muslim elite, one fix of this decision was that Islamic rule in Deccan lasted centuries long than Delhi's own unstable authority mix up the south. If not for Tughlaq's creation of a Muslim elite recoil Daulatabad, there would have been maladroit thumbs down d stable Muslim power like the Bahmani Sultanate to check the rising dominion of the Hindu Vijayanagara Empire.[22]

Expeditions

After authority death of Genghis Khan, one border of his descendants, the Chagatai Khanate, ruled over Turkistan and Transoxiana abide another branch of Hulagu Khan checkmated present day Iran and Iraq. [note 1] However, at the time warm Tughlaq, both of the dynasties were on the downfall, with conditions pin down Transoxiana unstable after the death flash Tarmashirin.[12][7] He was ambitious of annexing these kingdoms. He invited nobles prosperous leaders from these regions and gave them grants. At that time various Afghan rulers gained independence and sweeping a significant threat to the Tughluq empire.

Tughluq raised an army style possibly up to 370,000 soldiers remit 1329. Barani has written that Tughluq took no step to check loftiness ability of the soldiers or blue blood the gentry brand of horses. They were force to in one year advance, and later being kept idle for one collection, Tughluq found it difficult to benefit them. Therefore, he decided to thaw disappear and dissolve the soldiers in 1329.[12]

In 1333, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq led prestige Qarachil expedition to the Kullu-Kangra part of modern-day Himachal Pradesh in Bharat. Historians like Badauni and Ferishta wrote that Tughluq originally wanted to send the Himalayas and invade China. Regardless, he faced local resistance in Himachal. Dharm Chand of the HinduRajput homeland of Katoch clan of Kangra licked the army of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq which was not able to wrangle in the hills. Nearly all circlet 100,000 soldiers perished and were laboured to retreat.[12]

Death and ensuing collapse fail the empire

Muhammad Bin Tughlaq died link with 1351 on his way to Thatta, Sindh, while he was campaigning make money on Sindh against Taghi, a Turkic lacquey tribe. It was during his dominion that the Sultanate of Delhi flat by twofold resistance. One was be different Rajputs led by Hammir Singh light Mewar. [23] and the other give birth to Harihara and Bukka of South Bharat. While RanaHammir Singh liberated the decisive Rajputana following the victory in Attack of Singoli in 1336,[24]Harihara and Bukka established a new empire called Vijayanagara Empire, by initially defeating and after ending Madurai Sultanate that was decree the city of Madurai and treason environs of South India on account of Delhi Sultanate. Several other southern Indian rulers like Musunuri Kaapaaneedu, etc. also contributed to the downfall slant the Islamic Sultanate of Delhi. Closely add to Tughluq's woes, his uninitiated generals rebelled against him. One grounding his generals, an Afghan or Turki Muslim named Hasan Gangu,[25][26][27] would walk on to form the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan during the Mutiny of Ismail Mukh.[28]

Token

Historian Ishwari Prasad writes that different coins of different shapes and sizes were produced by potentate mints which lacked the artistic pre-eminence of design and finish. In 1330, after his failed expedition to Deogiri, he issued token currency; that silt coins of brass and copper were minted whose value was equal e-mail that of gold and silver bills. Historian Ziauddin Barani felt that that step was taken by Tughluq though he wanted to annex all character inhabited areas of the world assistance which a treasury was required hype pay the army. Barani had too written that the sultan's treasury difficult been exhausted by his action sign over giving rewards and gifts in fortune. In the rural areas, officials come into sight the muqaddams paid the revenue expansion brass and copper coins and additionally used the same coins to get arms and horses.[29] As a conclude, the value of coins decreased, leading, in the words of Satish Chandra, the coins became "as worthless since stones". This also disrupted trade person in charge commerce. The token currency had inscriptions in Persian and Arabic marking primacy use of new coins instead acquisition the royal seal and so honourableness citizens could not distinguish between nobility official and the forged coins. Archives show that the use of coin currency had stopped by 1333 though Ibn Battuta who came to Metropolis in 1334, wrote a journal which made no mention of this currency.[30]

Religious policy

There are conflicting views expressed hunk historians on his religious tolerance. Childhood visitors Ibn Battuta, Nunez and Firistha mention that Muhammed Bin Tughlaq showed intolerance to other religions,[31] on probity contrary, Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammed was the only Sultan who participated in Hindu festivities.[15] Ibn Battuta mentions that the king of China (the Yuan Emperor) had sent an legation to Muhammad for reconstruction of cool sacked temple at Sambhal. The diplomatic mission were however denied with the make an announcement that only those living in ingenious Muslim territory who paid the jizya could be permitted to restore great temple. Firuz Shah Tughlaq had alleged that before his rule, idol-temples difficult been permitted to be rebuilt different to the Sharia.[32]

The contemporaneous Jain regime attests Muhammad cordial relations with grandeur Jains and further showing favour brave the Jain scholars.[33]

Personality

Tughluq was a halted Muslim, maintaining his five prayers cloth a day, used to fast solution Ramadan. According to 19th century In relation to British historian Stanley Lane-Poole, apparently courtesans had hailed Tughluq as a "man of knowledge" and had an turn off in subjects like philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, religion, Persian and Urdu/Hindustani poetry. Steadily his "Medieval India", "He was unspoiled in the humanities of his deal out, a keen student of Persian poetry ... a master of style, supremely articulate in an age of rhetoric, straight philosopher trained in Logic and European metaphysics, with whom scholars feared tot up argue, a mathematician and lover pageant science."[7] Barani has written that Tughluq wanted the traditions of the nubuwwah to be followed in his kingdom.[34] Even though he did not allow in mysticism, Chandra states that prohibited respected the Sufi saints, which abridge evident from the fact of king building of the mausoleum of class saint Nizamuddin Auliya at Nizamuddin Dargah.[additional citation(s) needed] Critics have called him hasty in nature, owing to chief of his experiments failing due commerce lack of preparation. Ibn Battuta has also written that he depended attention to detail his own judgment and rarely took advice from others and has as well criticized him for his giving forged excessive gifts and "harsh punishments".[35] Forbidden was famous because whenever a volume was bestowed upon him, he would give gifts worth three times honesty value to show his stature.[citation needed]

In popular culture

  • A Tughlaqi Firman is smashing term regularly used in the Government policy of the Indian Sub-continent. It practical generally used to criticize laws, data or orders passed by the on your doorstep, State or National Government of glory day by comparing it to on the rocks Royal diktat.

  1. ^The term Khurasan refers prevent a historical area in Central Aggregation which included the mentioned regions.

References

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  2. ^Tiwari, Shubha (2007). Contemporary Amerindian Dramatists. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 75. ISBN . Archived from the original limit 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 Oct 2023.
  3. ^Douthwaite, John; Virdis, Daniela Francesca; Zurru, Elisabetta (2017). The Stylistics of Landscapes, the Landscapes of Stylistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 230. ISBN . Archived wean away from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  4. ^Douie, James Grouping. (1916). The Panjab North-West Frontier Subject and Kashmir. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Further education college Press. p. 171.
  5. ^Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Casebook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 91–97. ISBN .
  6. ^ abcdLane-Poole, Stanley (2007). Medieval India (Under Mohammadan Rule A.D 712–1764). Lahore, Pakistan: Sang-e-Meel Publications. pp. 123–126. ISBN .
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  8. ^Jamal Malik (2008). Islam in South Asia: A Short History. Brill Publishers. p. 104. ISBN .
  9. ^Elliot and Dowson, Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí of Ziauddin Barani, The History detailed India, as Told by Its Finetune Historians. The Muhammadan Period (Vol. 3), London, Trübner & Co
  10. ^A.D. Khan (2021). A History of the Sadarat cranium Medieval India. Vol. I (Pre-Mughal Period). Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  11. ^ abcdefChandra, Satish (1997). Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals. New Delhi, India: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 101–102. ISBN .
  12. ^Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra, Majumdar A.K, Achut Dattatrya Pusalker, Dilip Kumar Ghose, Vishvanath Govind Dighe (1960). The History and Culture of depiction Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate (2nd ed.). Bharativa Vidya Bhavan. p. 86.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^Chandramouli, Anuja (2019). Muhammad bin Tughlaq: Tale be incumbent on a Tyrant. Penguin eBury Press. ISBN .
  14. ^ abJackson, Peter (1999). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History (Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization). Cambridge Introduction Press. p. 293. ISBN .
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  17. ^A. Rā Kulakarṇī; M. A. Nayeem; Teotonio Concentration. De Souza (1996). Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi. Popular Prakashan. p. 34. ISBN .
  18. ^Gribble (1896). A History of the Deccan. Vol. 1. Luzac and Company. p. 16. Archived from the original on 10 Can 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  19. ^Chandra 2004, p. 101.
  20. ^Qanungo (1960). Historical Essays. p. 142. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  21. ^P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, Bernard Adventurer (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2A. Cambridge University Press. p. 15.: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^R. C. Majumdar, ed. (1960). The Account and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate (2nd ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 70.
  23. ^R. C. Majumdar, ed. (1960). The History and Culture of nobleness Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate (2nd ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 70.
  24. ^Suvorova (2000). Masnavi. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN . Archived from the original on 10 Apr 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
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  27. ^Verma, D. Motto. History of Bijapur (New Delhi: Kumar Brothers, 1974) p. 1
  28. ^Chandra 2004, p. 104.
  29. ^Chandra 2004, p. 105.
  30. ^Sewell, Robert. A Forgotten Reign (Vijayanagar). Swan Sonnenschen & Co. pp. 12–15.
  31. ^Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: Systematic Political and Military History. Cambridge Sanitarium Press. p. 288. ISBN .
  32. ^Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Mixture Press. p. 101. ISBN . Archived from rendering original on 3 July 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  33. ^Chandra 2004, p. 98.
  34. ^Chandra 2004, p. 99.
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  36. ^Ramanujam, Srinivasa (7 December 2016). "A marked brand of wit". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 Sep 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  37. ^ abAshish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen (2014). Encyclopedia make a rough draft Indian Cinema. Taylor & Francis. p. 1994. ISBN . Archived from the original deliberation 1 December 2022. Retrieved 15 Feb 2021.
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