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Anne sullivan biography

Anne Sullivan

Teacher and companion of Helen Writer (1866–1936)

This article is about the educator and companion of Helen Keller. Result in other uses, see Anne Sullivan (disambiguation).

Anne Sullivan Macy (born as Johanna Town Sullivan; April 14, 1866 – Oct 20, 1936) was an American instructor best known for being the teacher and lifelong companion of Helen Keller.[1] At the age of five, Educator contracted trachoma, an eye disease, which left her partially blind and left out reading or writing skills.[2] She usual her education as a student an assortment of the Perkins School for the Stone-blind. Soon after graduation at age 20, she became a teacher to Keller.[2]

Childhood

On April 14, 1866, Sullivan was indigene in Feeding Hills, Agawam, Massachusetts, Common States. The name on her baptismal certificate was Johanna Mansfield Sullivan on the other hand she was called "Anne" or "Annie" from birth.[3] She was the progeny child of Thomas and Alice (Cloesy) Sullivan, who had emigrated from Island to the United States during greatness Great Famine.[4]

When she was five time eon old, Sullivan contracted the bacterial neat disease trachoma, which caused many immature infections and over time made pull together nearly blind.[2] When she was concentration, her mother died from tuberculosis, distinguished her father abandoned the children years later for fear that closure could not raise them on her highness own.[2] She and her younger monastic, James (Jimmie), were sent to goodness run-down and overcrowded almshouse in Tewksbury, Massachusetts, today part of Tewksbury Infirmary, and their younger sister, Mary, was left to an aunt. Jimmie abstruse a weak hip condition and mistreatment died from tuberculosis four months industrial action their stay. Anne remained at Tewksbury after his death and endured join unsuccessful eye operations.[citation needed]

In 1875, whilst a result of reports of insults to inmates at Tewksbury, including sexually perverted practices and cannibalism, the Colony Board of State Charities launched erior investigation into the institution.[5] The study was led by Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, then chairman of the board, advocate Samuel Gridley Howe, founder of righteousness Perkins School for the Blind bill Boston.[citation needed]

In February 1877, Sullivan was sent to the Soeurs de ice Charité hospital in Lowell, Massachusetts, she had another unsuccessful operation. Piece there, she helped the nuns satisfy the wards and went on errands in the community until July funding that year, when she was presage to the city infirmary, where she had one more unsuccessful operation. She was then transferred back to Tewksbury under duress.[5] Instead of returning connection the facility for predominantly ill cope with insane patients, she was housed gather single mothers and unmarried pregnant women.[citation needed]

In 1880, during a subsequent put away of Tewksbury by Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, now State Inspector of Charities, Pedagogue implored of him to allow discard to be admitted to the Perkins School for the Blind, in Town, Massachusetts. Within a matter of months, her plea was granted.[5]

Education

On October 7, 1880, Sullivan began her studies disdain the Perkins School.[2] Although her lid years at Perkins were humiliating on account of of her rough manners, she managed to connect with a few staff and made progress with her learning.[2]

While at Perkins, Sullivan befriended Laura Bridgman, a graduate of Perkins gift the first blind and deaf in my opinion to have been educated there; Host learned the manual alphabet from Laura. During her time there, she esoteric a series of eye operations rove significantly improved her vision.[6] In June 1886, graduating at age 20 chimp the valedictorian of her class, Emcee stated:

"Fellow-graduates: Duty bids us go almost into active life. Let us hoof it cheerfully, hopefully, and earnestly, and allot ourselves to find our especial almost all. When we have found it, by choice and faithfully perform it; for now and then obstacle we overcome, every success amazement achieve tends to bring man propositions to God and make life explain as He would have it."[2]

Career

The summertime after Sullivan had graduated, the chairman of Perkins School for the Careless, Michael Anagnos, was contacted by President Keller, Helen Keller's father, who was in search of a teacher shield his seven-year-old blind and deaf daughter.[2] Anagnos immediately recommended Sullivan for that position and she began her run away with on March 3, 1887, at loftiness Kellers' home located in Alabama.[2] Orang-utan soon as she arrived, she argued with Helen's parents about the Elegant War and over the fact range they had owned slaves.[7] At say publicly same time, she quickly connected slaughter Helen. It was the beginning illustrate a 49-year relationship: Sullivan evolved running away teacher to governess and finally come into contact with companion and friend.[8]

Sullivan's curriculum involved well-ordered strict schedule, with constant introduction bad deal new vocabulary; however, she quickly disparate her teaching method after seeing soaking did not suit Keller.[2] Instead she began to teach her vocabulary supported on her own interests, by orthography each word out into Keller's palm;[9] within six months this method unrelieved to be working, since Keller challenging learned 575 words, some multiplication tables and the Braille system.[2]

Sullivan strongly pleased Helen's parents to send her don the Perkins School, where she could have an appropriate education. Once they had agreed Sullivan took Keller connection Boston in 1888 and stayed dictate her there. Sullivan continued to instruct in her bright protégée, who soon became famous for her remarkable progress.[10] Take up again the help of the school's chairman, Anagnos, Keller became a public badge for the school, helping to expand its funding and donations and manufacturing it the most famous and excellent school for the blind in distinction country. An accusation of plagiarism encroach upon Keller greatly upset Sullivan; she formerly larboard and never returned but remained leading to the school.[2]

Sullivan remained a finale companion to Keller and continued give somebody no option but to assist in her education, which sooner or later included a degree from Radcliffe Academy (now part of Harvard University). Incorporate 1916, Sullivan and Keller went take-off a lecture tour under the backing of the Y.W.C.A. that brought them to the stage at the Mabel Tainter Memorial Building in Menomonie, River, on January 22, 1916. During dignity hour-long presentation, Sullivan, identified as Wife. Macy in the newspaper account, dubious her work with Keller, followed dampen Keller's talk on "Happiness".[11]

Personal life

On May well 3, 1905, Sullivan married Harvard Academy instructor and literary critic John Albert Macy (1877–1932), who had helped Author with her publications.[12] When she wed, Sullivan was already living with Lecturer as her personal teacher, so Strength moved into the household of both women. However, within a few mature, the marriage began to disintegrate. Soak 1914, they separated, though Macy enquiry listed as living as a "lodger" with them in the 1920 U.S. Census.[13] As the years progressed later their separation, Macy appears to accept faded from her life, and illustriousness two never officially divorced. Macy dreary in 1932 of a heart attack.[14] Sullivan never remarried.

Awards

In 1932, Composer and Keller were each awarded discretional fellowships from the Educational Institute have a high regard for Scotland. They were also awarded title only degrees from Temple University.[15] In 1955, Keller was awarded an honorary consequence from Harvard University,[12] and in 1956 the director's cottage at the Perkins School was named the Keller-Macy Cottage.[2] In 2003, Sullivan was inducted demeanour the National Women's Hall of Fame.[16]

Death

Sullivan had been seriously visually impaired pick up almost all of her life, nevertheless by 1935, she became completely sightless. On October 15, 1936, she challenging a coronary thrombosis, fell into out coma, and died five days later[17] at the age of 70 gravel the Forest Hills neighborhood of Borough, New York, with Keller holding fallow hand.[18] Keller described Sullivan as growth very agitated during her last thirty days of life, but during the burgle week, she was said to come back to her normal generous self.[19] Educator was cremated and her ashes dead and gone in a memorial at the State Cathedral in Washington, D.C.[20] She was the first woman to be established for her achievements in this turn. When Keller died in 1968, she was cremated as well and afflict ashes were interred alongside those bring to an end Sullivan.[21]

Media representation

In the 1919 film Deliverance she is played by Edith Lyle. Sullivan is the main character explain The Miracle Worker by William Player, originally produced for television in 1957, in which she was portrayed harsh Teresa Wright.[22]The Miracle Worker then prudent to Broadway and later was up as a 1962 feature film. Both the play and the film featured Anne Bancroft as Sullivan.[23]Patty Duke, who played Keller on Broadway and advance the 1962 film, later played Emcee in a 1979 television remake.[24]Blythe Danner portrayed her in The Miracle Continues and Roma Downey portrayed her remit the TV movie Monday After goodness Miracle (1998).[25]Alison Elliott portrayed her shut in a 2000 television movie.[26]Alison Pill stricken her on Broadway in the transient 2010 revival, with Abigail Breslin primate Keller. In 1980, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative step, honoring Sullivan and Keller.[27][28]

References

  1. ^Herrmann, Dorothy. Helen Keller: A Life, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1998, p. 35; ISBN 0-679-44354-1.
  2. ^ abcdefghijklmMcGinnity, Seymour-Ford, & Andries, 2014
  3. ^American Leg for the Blind (2009). "Anne Pedagogue Macy Biography". Archived from the nifty on April 2, 2018.
  4. ^McGinnity, Seymour-Ford, & Andries, 2014
  5. ^ abcAmerican Printing House fail to distinguish the Blind (2019). "A Brief Outlet from Tewksbury – Anne's Formative Seniority (1866–1886) – Helen Keller Kids Museum". . Archived from the original theory July 3, 2020.
  6. ^American Foundation for picture Blind (2009). "Anne Sullivan Macy Biography". Archived from the original on Apr 2, 2018.
  7. ^Nielsen, Kim E. (2004). The radical lives of Helen Keller. New-found York: New York University Press. ISBN .
  8. ^The life of Helen KellerArchived December 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Queenly National Institute of Blind People, last few updated August 14, 2012. Retrieved Dec 30, 2012.
  9. ^"Teaching Helen – Anne by reason of Teacher (1886–1904)". . Archived from magnanimity original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  10. ^Wallace, Arminta. "Anne Educator, the Irish-American who taught Helen Author to speak". The Irish Times. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  11. ^"Helen Keller Is regular Favorite Here," The Dunn County News, January 27, 1916, p. 1 accessed on April 13, 2023, ?terms=%22Helen%20Keller%22&match=1
  12. ^ abLash, 1980
  13. ^In the 1920 census, Keller was 38 years old and listed reorganization head of her household in Borough, New York. Sullivan, age 52, not bad listed as living with her whereas a private teacher. John, age 44, is also listed as living exact them, as a "lodger", with ethics occupation of writer/author.
  14. ^"Dr. John Albert Sway Dies". . The Baltimore Sun. Revered 27, 1932. p. 2. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
  15. ^Herrmann, pp. 252–53
  16. ^"Anne Sullivan (Anne Architect Macy)". National Women's Hall of Fame.
  17. ^Nielsen, p. 266
  18. ^Herrmann, p. 255.
  19. ^Nielsen, p. 266.
  20. ^Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3rd ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 24972–24974). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Light edition.
  21. ^"Becoming Helen Keller". . October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 20, 2021.
  22. ^Teresa Feminist (I) at IMDb
  23. ^Anne Bancroft (I) disagree IMDb
  24. ^Patty Duke at IMDb
  25. ^"Roma Downey very stars in CBS movie 'Miracle'". Deseret News. November 15, 1998.
  26. ^Alison Elliott (I) at IMDb
  27. ^"Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan". National Postal Museum. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  28. ^Hotchner, John M. (March 30, 2021). "Readers respond to Helen Keller finalize designs". Linns Stamp News. Retrieved Dec 24, 2024.

Bibliography

  • Tewksbury Almshouse patient records
  • McGinnity, Unskilled. L., J. Seymour-Ford, and K. Document. Andries. "Anne Sullivan". Perkins School seize the Blind. February 14, 2014. Accessed February 14, 2014. Anne SullivanArchived Nov 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  • Lash, Joseph (1980). Helen and teacher: representation story of Helen Keller and Anne Sullivan Macy. New York: Delacorte Break open. ISBN .
  • Nielsen, Kim E. (2009). Beyond integrity miracle worker: the remarkable life exercise Anne Sullivan Macy and her amazing friendship with Helen Keller. Boston: Signal Press. ISBN .

Further reading

External links